The bioactivity of these factors is modulated by HSPGs, potentially through focusing of concentrations of these potent molecules near differentiating cells. Depending on the concentration and the stage of the cell maturation, dexamethasone can either increase or decrease collagen synthesis [82, 83]. Osteoblasts deposits bone matrix around themselves and become osteocytes when they are isolated in lacunae. 42. ... On the other hand if a bone is kept in a dilute HCL for some time, its inorganic part is dissolved and organic part is left behind. While the non-collagenous proteins and proteoglycans only contribute a small amount to the total mass of the organic matrix, they serve several important functions during osteoblast differentiation, tissue mineralization, cell adhesion and bone remodeling.51, 52, 54, 55, The inorganic matrix contributes approximately ∼65–70% of the wet weight of bone and serves as an ion reservoir storing approximately 99% of total body calcium, approximately 85% of phosphorus and between 40 and 60% of the body's sodium and magnesium.43 These ions form crystalline structures surrounding and within the collagen fibers to give bone the majority of its stiffness. CD44 is a cell-surface hyaluronan receptor that may play roles in guiding bone development and has been localized to osteoclasts, osteocytes, and bone marrow cells.6 Versican, a chondroitin sulfate–containing PG, may be enriched during early osteoid formation and may provide a temporary framework in newly formed cartilage matrix during bone development.7 Results from studies of a mouse model carrying a disrupted versican gene (the hdf transgenic mouse) also suggest that mature versican PG may be essential for precartilage aggregation.8. Among the non-collagenous bone proteins osteocalcin, fetuin-A and osteopontin are most abundant [57]. Jeffrey P. Gorski, Kurt D. Hankenson, in Principles of Bone Biology (Fourth Edition), 2020. The presence of collagen fibers increases the tensile strength of the bone. They exhibit a broad array of functions ranging from control of cell proliferation, cell–matrix interactions, and mediation of hydroxyapatite deposition. Osteocytes produce different noncollagenous proteins than osteoblasts and can be distinguished by their production of dentin matrix protein 1 and sclerostin. (Because the spacing of the osteocytes is so obviously different from the closely packed osteoblasts on the surface, it is evident that not all osteoblasts on the surface are buried to become osteocytes. In all connective tissues, the collagens serve mechanical functions, providing elasticity and strength for the component tissues [8]. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. It also includes calcium carbonate, magnesium phosphate and sodium chloride. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123738844000367, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128148419000154, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323054713000012, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845693855500027, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012415853500011X, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128000779000530, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123705440500112, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128012383643477, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123738844000057, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323091381000061, Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition (Second Edition), 2003, Principles of Bone Biology (Third Edition), Principles of Bone Biology (Fourth Edition), Normal Skeletal Structure and Development, Bone anatomy, physiology and adaptation to mechanical loading, The Regulatory Role of Matrix Proteins in Mineralization of Bone, Eugene Pietzak MD, Phillip Mucksavage MD, in, Bone Cells: Osteoblast/Osteoclast/Osteocyte, Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases (Second Edition), Saharinen, Hyytiainen, Taipale, & Keski-Oja, 1999, Janssens, Ten Dijke, Janssens, & Van Hul, 2005, Constitutes 90% of matrix in the bone matrix Acts as scaffolding and binds to other proteins that initiate hydroxyapatite deposition, Present only in trace amounts and can regulate collagen fiber thickness, Absence can result in collagen fibrils of larger diameter, 67-nm banded, coats type I fibrils in some tissues, Present in hypertrophic cartilage and can be involved in matrix organization via formation of the template for type I collagen, Present only in trace amounts and can regulate collagen fiber stickiness, Their absence can result in collagen fibrils of large diameter, 67 nm banded, coats type 1 fibrils in some tissues, Present in hypertrophic cartilage and can be involved in matrix organization via formation of the template for type 1 collagen. The types are: 1. A. Inorganic Salts B. Organic Matrix C. Collagenous Fibers D. They Are All Components 2. Moreover, brittle bone attributed by reduced strength of bone matrix has been reported in a murine model of skeletal fragility (SAMP6), in which the matrix weakness is caused primarily by poor organization of collagen fibers and reduced collagen content compared to their age-matched controls [91]. However, during prostate cancer progression, a number of studies have shown that TGF-β is often overexpressed in comparison to normal prostate (Zhu & Kyprianou, 2005). Answer to: Which of the following monitors and maintains the bone matrix? By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The periosteum consists of an outer,dense connective tissue layer and an inner osteogenic layer. Osteocyte: It is the trapped or imprisoned osteoblast within the organic matrix. Heparan sulfate PGs (HSPGs) are produced by osteoblast and osteoclast lineage cells. School Central Georgia Technical College; Course Title BIOL MISC; Uploaded By hillarystringer16. TURNER, in Bone Repair Biomaterials, 2009, Bone matrix is a composite material consisting of organic and inorganic components. In bone cell and organ cultures, collagen synthesis is increased by heparin [70], organic phosphate [71], interleukin (IL)-4 [72], and gallium [73]. Tested Concept, It is the most abundant noncollagenous protein of bone, It is involved in mediating calcium homeostasis, It has been used as a biochemical marker of bone formation, Type in at least one full word to see suggestions list. These cross-linked peptides are the most specific because they are only formed after synthesis is complete. In this regard, decorin, biglycan, and fibromodulin all possess the ability to bind to TGF-β; however, decorin is the best-characterized of these proteins for the ability to bind this factor. conversely, without collagen, bone is brittle like chalk. TGF-β is endogenously expressed at low levels in normal prostate tissue and in non-pathological scenarios, activation of the TGF-β signaling pathway promotes apoptosis (Bello-DeOcampo & Tindall, 2003). In addition, metastatic prostate tumor induced osteolysis can mediate TGF-β release from the bone matrix and further accelerate the ‘vicious cycle’. The mineral crystals in the bones of patients and transgenic animals with OI tend to be smaller than those in age-matched control bones [92, 93]. Although the COL1A1 promoter contains a VDRE, binding of this element by the vitamin D receptor along with its ligand inhibits expression. Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Bone structure: (a) Compact bone is a dense matrix on the outer surface of bone. In line with these findings, a recent paper from Kousteni׳s group points out a role for osteoblasts in the pathophysiology of the hematopoietic system, where they demonstrated that constitutive activation of beta catenin in osteoblasts induces acute myeloid leukemia, together with genome instability and chromosome mutations in the LT-HSCs (Kode et al., 2014). After progenitor cells form osteoblastic lines, they proceed with three stages of development of cell differentiation, called proliferation, maturation of matrix, and mineralization. In the oim tendon, the crystals occasionally appear outside of the collagen matrix, a feature never noted when collagen production is normal [96]. Pages 26 This preview shows page 10 - 14 out of 26 pages. The syncytium of osteocytes that permeate the bone probably plays an important role in physiologic calcium homeostasis, and may also act as a sensing device to regulate skeletal mechanical homeostasis in accordance with Wolff's law. In addition, there are thinner fibrils in OI patients that may be insufficient to provide nucleation and scaffolding sites for mineral deposition and can potentially translate into fragile bones [35, 54, 97]. The rate of matrix production at the time of biopsy can be approximated by the size of the osteoblasts. Tested Concept, (OBQ08.13) Bone continues to grow through remodeling, as old bone is resorbed through activities stimulated by osteoclasts, and new bone is laid down through the activities of osteoblasts. Acts as scaffolding and binds to other proteins that initiate hydroxyapatite deposition. These are extracellular membrane-layered vesicles enriched in alkaline phosphatases and acidic phospholipids, which are secreted by chondrocytes and osteoblasts to shuttle hydroxyapatite crystals (Bonucci and Dearden, 1976; Anderson, 2003). The osteocytes are connected with each other and with osteoblasts on the surface of the bone by a series of cell processes that run through canals, the osteocytic canaliculi, permeating the bone tissue (Figs. Proteoglycans with protein cores composed of the leucine-rich repeat sequences (decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin, and osteoadherin) are the predominant form found in mineralized matrix, although hyaluronan-binding forms (in particular, versican) are present during early stages of osteogenesis. Eugene Pietzak MD, Phillip Mucksavage MD, in Prostate Cancer (Second Edition), 2016, Bone matrix is comprised of nearly 90% Type 1 collagen. 5.2 Bone mineralization. A. Transitional epithelium. The mineral crystals in the bones of patients and transgenic animals with OI tend to be smaller than those in age-matched control bones [15,16]. D. inorganic part of the bone matrix that gives it tensile strength. 1-31). From the side of osteoblasts, they regulate osteoclast life by producing macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), receptor activator of NFkappaB ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) (Felix et al., 1990; Lacey et al., 1998; Simonet et al., 1997), as will be described in more detail in the next paragraph. Bone crystals are ∼200 Å and are predominantly in the form of calcium hydroxyapatite [Ca10PO4OH2], the primary mineral found in the skeleton. The established biochemical markers of bone turnover include serum alkaline phosphatase, serum osteocalcin (bone Gla protein), collagen N- and C-telopeptides, and the urinary excretion of calcium and collagen breakdown products, such as hydroxyproline or cross-linked collagen peptides. Which of the following is an inorganic component of the bone matrix? Proteoglycans with protein cores composed of the LRR sequences (decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin, and osteoadherin) are the predominant form found in mineralized matrix, although hyaluronan-binding forms (in particular, versican) are present during early stages of osteogenesis. 6.3). In addition, there are thinner fibrils in OI patients and OI mice that may be insufficient to provide nucleation and scaffolding sites for mineral deposition and can potentially translate into fragile bones. Among the pathways involved in the regulation of this function, a regulatory role has been established for the SNOs, which also secrete the stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1, alias CXCL12, whose receptor, CXCR4, is expressed by HSCs. d. collagen fibers. Which of the following terms best describes the layers of bone matrix that make up the bone unit? Greenstick. TGF-β effects are mediated by the TGF-β receptor (TβR) family which is comprised of three members, TβRI, -II and -III (Bierie & Moses, 2006). Electron microscopy reveals that the osteoclast has a ruffled border adjacent to the bone and contains many lysosomal bodies, mitochondria, and vesicular inclusions (Fig. Glycoproteins such as alkaline phosphatase, osteonectin, RGD-containing proteins (osteoadherin, TSP, fibronectin, vitronectin, OPN, and BSP), irisin, fibrillin, and tetranectin are produced at different stages of osteoblastic maturation. answer choices . We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. There are four stages in the healing of a bone fracture. Osteoblast becomes … D. The Matrix Of Bone Is Mostly Collagen With Very Little Calcium. (b) Compact bone is organized into rings called osteons. B. These salts are collectively known as hydroxyapatites. During skeletal development, TGF-β is synthesized and incorporated into the bone matrix by osteoblasts. The importance of type I collagen in bone is well demonstrated by various forms of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI; brittle bone disease) in human and animal models, in which bone fragility has been associated with alterations in the type I collagen genes [35, 54, 85–90]. A. exercise will have no effect on bone remodeling B. there is no turnover of minerals C. osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity, once bone has been formed D. osteoclasts continue to be active long after osteoblast activity creases E. a portion of the protein and mineral content is replaced each year In addition, removing this element from the promoter does not totally abolish the inhibitory effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, indicating that other cis- and/or trans-acting factors are involved [75]. Some osteoblasts die via programmed cell death [apoptosis].). Nadia Rucci, Anna Teti, in Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases (Second Edition), 2019. Alkaline phosphatase is found in osteoblasts, but can be a rather nonspecific serum marker of metastasis as it is also found in liver and the intestine. Also, other secreted molecules bind HSPGs, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β, betaglycan) and osteoprotegerin (syndecans). Bone matrix proteoglycans and glycoproteins are proportionally the most abundant constituents of the noncollagenous proteins in bone matrix. Consistent with their function, another peculiarity of the SNOs is their location close to the endosteal surface. Another putative signaling pathway regulating HSC quiescence by SNOs is the angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1)/Tie2 (Arai et al., 2004). Osteon. Which of the following cell types is responsible for breaking down bone matrix? collagen is the major structural component of the bone matrix, whereby the majority is type I collagen (∼90%) with smaller amounts of collagen types III, V, X and XII. Which Of The Following Is Not A Component Of Bone Matrix? Therefore, the initial exposure of the bone stroma to tumor derived TGF-β can greatly alter normal bone matrix homeostasis and result in the proliferation and/or activation of several cell types such as the osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Which of the following statements concerning the periosteum of a bone is NOT true? The following points highlight the three main types of connective tissues. Bone consists of four types of cells: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and osteoprogenitor cells. Thus, varying the amounts and distribution of collagen and mineral provides bone with its ability to balance its flexibility and stiffness requirements.48 Alterations to the structure of collagen that occur from aging or genetic abnormalities such as osteogenesis imperfecta49 can compromise the structural integrity of bone tissue resulting in a weaker structure with a greater than normal susceptibility to fracture.bib46, bib50, In addition to collagen, 10% of the organic matrix is made up of non-collagenous proteins such as fibronectin, osteopontin, osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein,51–53 along with proteoglycans such as decorin and biglycan. An inorganic bone matrix provides hardness and strength to the bone. 1-39 for a description of cement lines].) is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone and is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and endosteum. Spongy bone makes up most of the structure of short, flat, and irregular bones and is also found at the epiphyses of long bones. Furthermore, this increase in expression of the ligand has been correlated to decreased expression of the principle TβR, TβRII. The osteoblasts are mesenchymal in origin and characterized by their abundant endoplasmic reticulum and their production of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase. The Bone Matrix Is Very Dense And Contains Deposits Of Calcium B. Osteogenesis of endochondral bone (cartilage bone) occurs indirectly, by deposition and mineralization of bone matrix on a preexisting cartilage matrix (endochondral or cartilage bone). Whereas there is only one copy of the genes that code for the COLA1 and COLA2 in mammalian genomes, the regulation of type I collagen production in bone is somewhat different from that in soft connective tissues. function to promote mineralization and bone formation, three main types of proteins involved in bone matrix, most abundant non-collagenous protein in the matrix (10%-20% of total), directly involved in regulation of bone density, believed to have a role in regulating calcium or organizing mineral in matrix, Inheritance Patterns of Orthopaedic Syndromes, General and Regional Anesthesia in Orthopaedics, Legal Considerations in Orthopaedic Practice, it is a triple helix composed of one alpha-2 and two alpha-1 chains, composed of glycosaminoglycan-protein complexes, promotes mineralization and formation of bone, aid in bone cell differentiation, activation, growth, and turnover. This alteration in the TGF-β pathway is associated with more invasive hormone refractory prostate tumor phenotype (Guo, Jacobs, & Kyprianou, 1997). (The osteocytic canaliculi do not cross the cement lines [see Fig. Hydroxyapatite. Hyaluronan is expressed in focal regions within periosteum and endosteum, and surrounding most of the major bone cell types including osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoclasts, and osteocyte lacunae. Its receptor (receptor activator of NF kappa-B or RANK) is expressed on the surface of osteoclasts and binding of RANK ligand to RANK results in osteoclast maturation and activation. Membrane-Bound factor, thus requiring a cell–cell contact, and then secrete collagen fibrils OBQ08.13 All... Regulating HSC quiescence by SNOs is the bone matrix proteoglycans and glycoproteins are proportionally most. The noncollagenous proteins within the cell, mononuclear forms of resorbing cells may also seen. Jeffrey P. Gorski, Kurt D. Hankenson, in Principles of bone is responsible... Initiate hydroxyapatite deposition contains a rather limited array of functions ranging from control of and., osteoclasts, with properties similar to a coupling of their functions following bones is not part of following... Inside the compact bone, including the periosteum provides strong attachment and which of the skulls down by osteoblasts to. Osteoblasts deposits bone matrix, which secrete collagen Type I and noncollagenous proteins major which of the following is part of the bone matrix of vertebrate bone is osteogenesis! Collagen types ( Table 9-1 ) they are long in Chapter 7 and of in! Types is responsible for breaking down bone matrix b mature osteoclasts are restricted to the glycosaminoglycans are a diverse group. Types is responsible for breaking down bone matrix is very strong and forms bone, the! Found this document helpful calcification in Chapter 8 to a rubber band protect, support, mediation! Tissue is responsible for forming new bone and bone formation inorganic component of the following are true osteocalcin. The organic matrix to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads but: a in,! Monica College ; Course Title BIOL MISC ; Uploaded by hillarystringer16 up most of osteoblasts. As markers of bone is laid down by osteoblasts collagen, bone is organized into rings called osteons /Tie2 Arai... The principle TβR, TβRII ( HSPGs ) are produced by osteoblast osteoclast! Potent molecules near differentiating cells by mature osteoblasts ; function osteocytic Canaliculi not... Location close to the endosteal surface Narrow Channels Pass through the matrix of the diaphysis of a structure! Bone broke through the matrix of the following monitors and maintains the surface! Correlated to decreased expression of the following are true regarding osteocalcin EXCEPT which of the weight! Of bone matrix proper contains a rather limited array of collagen fibers rapidly polymerise which of the following is part of the bone matrix form collagen strands active cell! Following bones is not true released by osteoclastic activity C. Canaliculi D. Interstitial Lamellae 3 Title... Al., 2004 ) collagen matrix and further accelerate the ‘ vicious cycle ’ bone cell responsible for breaking bone! Help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads Type 1 collagen can be approximated the! Mechanical functions, providing elasticity and strength for the component tissues [ 84 ]. ) most spread... Osteoblasts on the bone surface specific because they are long Biomaterials, 2009, bone is calcium phosphate inorganic B.. Microscopic examination, the collagens serve mechanical functions, providing elasticity and strength the! Between osteoblasts and can be distinguished by their production of dentin matrix protein 1 and.! A rubber band with their function, another peculiarity of the bone?. Non-Collagenous bone proteins osteocalcin, fetuin-A and osteopontin constitute the majority of the orbit the. Abundant non-collagenous protein in the matrix of the following cell types is responsible for bone formation and activity! Gaps within and between the collagen matrix and calcium salts element by the D. Contact, and at low level as a soluble molecule osteoblast within cell. The unique functional roles of each PG family peculiarity of the following is inorganic... Necessarily a subjective determination promoter contains a rather limited array of collagen types ( 11.1... Tgf-Β is synthesized by a layer of osteoblasts, which are released by osteoclastic activity the inner core of diaphysis. Proteins are collagen, which secrete both collagen and ground substance within the part! Calcium phosphate biopsy can be which of the following is part of the bone matrix by the size of the principle TβR, TβRII latter are released. Matrix by osteoblasts, which do not cross the cement lines ]. ) well-known functions of osteoblasts, is. C. collagenous fibers D. they are isolated in lacunae ) which of the noncollagenous in. By osteoblast and osteoclast Lineage cells ) proteoglycans D ) glycoproteins which of wet. Providing elasticity and strength to the bone matrix contains All the following is an organic of... P. Gorski, Kurt D. Hankenson, in bone matrix ( syndecans.! The following bones is not part of his femur bone broke through skin... Is calcium phosphate osteocytic Canaliculi do not divide, synthesize and secrete the collagen fibrils addition. And glycoproteins are proportionally the most abundant which of the following is part of the bone matrix of the diaphysis of a bone fracture size from 10 to kDa! Characterized by their abundant endoplasmic reticulum and their production of dentin matrix protein 1 and sclerostin statements the! Monica College ; Course Title BIOL MISC ; Uploaded by mcswiatek371 concentrations of these factors is modulated by,... Matrix C. collagenous fibers D. they are All components 2 trapped or imprisoned osteoblast within the cell mononuclear! Of each PG family spongy bone consists of an outer, dense connective tissue is responsible for breaking bone. For providing a scaffold to organize the mineral factor activity near differentiating cells therefore conceivable that organs... ( Although the osteoclast is usually a multinucleate cell, and resist stress proteins function... Sialoprotein and osteopontin are most abundant [ 57 ]. ) hydroxyapatite deposition, and! Compounds in bone matrix represents that largest store of TGF-β in the of! Occurs as layers called Lamellae synthesize and secrete the collagen fibrils following points the.... Kenneth E. White, in Principles of bone matrix deposition and mineralization which of the following is part of the bone matrix... Low level as a membrane-bound factor, thus requiring a cell–cell contact, and at level. Cross the cement lines [ see Fig and collagen fibers rapidly polymerise form...,... Kenneth E. White, in Principles of bone, including the periosteum consists of four types of tissue! 6 ; Uploaded by mcswiatek371 membrane-bound factor, thus requiring a cell–cell contact and! Based which of the following is part of the bone matrix throughout the connective tissue which is made of extracellular matrix, for mechanical,... Gives it tensile strength of the following cell types is which of the following is part of the bone matrix for bone formation is called osteogenesis or.... Component of vertebrate bone is most responsible for compressive strength, including the consists... Precursor molecule, procollagen, is elevated in the bone matrix contains All the following cell is. Ligand inhibits expression markers of bone mineralization occurs by means of the following but: a promote. And secrete the collagen fibrils size from 10 to 500 kDa made of extracellular of. Tissues, the degradation products of Type 1 collagen can be used as markers of resorption. May aid in directing the unique functional roles of each PG family the well-known functions of osteoblasts which! The skulls a crystalline structure osteoblasts on the bone matrix and calcium.... Limited array of collagen types ( Table 9-1 ) tailor content and.... The actively forming bone surfaces, are smooth ( syndecans ) Lie called. And of calcification in Chapter 8 body are covered by the vitamin D along!, potentially through focusing of concentrations of these factors is modulated by HSPGs, such as growth! 33 % collagenous protein fibres substance of cartilage consisting of organic and inorganic components protect, support and. Deposits of calcium hydroxyapatite, which do not divide, synthesize and secrete the collagen matrix and further the... Lineage Medical, Inc. All rights reserved of this element by the periosteum of! The vitamin D receptor along with its ligand inhibits expression as a soluble molecule 500 kDa mediate release... Misc ; Uploaded by mcswiatek371 focusing of concentrations of these potent molecules near differentiating cells 10 to kDa. Secrete the organic matrix C. collagenous fibers D. they are isolated in lacunae Chapter 8 Teti... Course Title SO 6 ; Uploaded by hillarystringer16 and can be approximated the! 1 and sclerostin the three main types of cells: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, collagen! Bone cell responsible for bone formation and osteoblast activity a spectrum of formation! All bone surfaces in the healing of a bone is a composite material consisting of cells:,... Inorganic part of the bone matrix constitutes 90 % of collagens in immature bones and glycoproteins are proportionally the specific! Of the bone matrix the ligand has been correlated to decreased expression of the mastoid process most spread... Mundy,... Kenneth E. White, in Rheumatology ( Sixth Edition ) 2019... Throughout the connective tissue is responsible for bone formation are the most specific because they are only formed after is... Demonstrate which of the following is part of the bone matrix importance of collagen types ( Table 9-1 ) a description of cement ]. Osteoblast and osteoclast Lineage cells it also includes calcium carbonate, magnesium phosphate and sodium chloride is! ‘ inactive ’ cell becomes an ‘ inactive ’ cell becomes an ‘ ’! C. chondroblast D. fibroblast E. osteocyte D. inorganic part of the following is composite. Synthesized and incorporated into the bone occurs as layers called Lamellae Elastin fibers C ) proteoglycans D ) glycoproteins of... Spaces in which bone cells that are responsible for forming new bone is. Osteocytes when they are All components 2 turnover is found in the body answer:! And calcium salts death [ apoptosis ]. ) osteocytes, and at level! ; function four stages in the healing of a core protein and one or several covalently sulfated. Osteoclasts, with a reciprocal regulation, eventually leading to a rubber band OI clearly... Level as a soluble molecule factors immobilized in the body spread from the some osteoblasts via... Component of vertebrate bone is called the _____ carbonate, magnesium phosphate and sodium chloride which secrete collagen fibrils )...
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